2. MODELING

CHAPTER 2 "MODELLING" 25 3D Elements . 3D elements are commonly used simulate volumes. They are derived from 2D elements and are used in more complex simulation problems 3D solid elements have only displacements and no rotations. The three unknown displacement functions are u (x, y, z), v (x, y, z) and w (x, y, z). Examples of 3D solid elements are 4-node tetrahedral element, 10-node tetrahedral element, 8-node isoparametric element, etc. SCADA Pro includes : • Three-dimensional, hexahedral, isoparametric finite elements, with varying intensity along their thickness (8-21 nodes) • Boundary auxiliary elements for the simulation of elastic supports at the nodes of solid elements.